The process of navigating from waterfall to Agile can be incredibly challenging. Even more problematic; how do you operate your requirements management practices once there? There traditionally isn’t a role for a business analyst, the traditional keeper of requirements. It isn’t like switching on a light.
You likely find yourself struggling to deliver high quality solutions and requirements in Agile. This is a challenge for many organizations, regardless of how long they’ve leveraged Agile.
But you aren’t here for assurances. You’re here for answers and help.
Agile and requirements management are complementary, not competitors.
Info-Tech’s advice? Why choose? Why have to pick between traditional waterfall and Agile delivery? If Agile without analysis is a recipe for disaster, Agile with analysis is the solution. How can you leverage the Info-Tech approach to align your Agile and requirements management efforts into a powerful combination?
Manage Requirements in an Agile Environment is your guide.
Use the contents and exercises of this blueprint to gain a shared understanding of the two disciplines, to find your balance in your approach, to define your thresholds, and ultimately, to prepare for new ways of working.
Besides the small introduction, subscribers and consulting clients within this management domain have access to:
Provides support and guidance for organizations struggling with their requirements management practices in Agile environments.
The Agile Requirements Playbook becomes THE artifact for your Agile requirements practices. Great for onboarding, reviewing progress, and ensuring a shared understanding of your ways of working.
The Documentation Calculator can inform your documentation decison making, ensuring you're investing just the right amount of time, money, and effort.
This workbook is designed to capture the results of your exercises in the Manage Requirements in an Agile Environment Storyboard. Each worksheet corresponds to an exercise in the storyboard. This is a tool for you, so customize the content and layout to best suit your product. The workbook is also a living artifact that should be updated periodically as the needs of your team and organization change.
The Agile Requirements Assessment is a great tool for determining your current capabilities and maturity in Agile and Business Analysis. You can also articulate your target state, which enables the identification of capability gaps, the creation of improvement goals, and a roadmap for maturing your Agile Requirements practice.
Workshops offer an easy way to accelerate your project. If you are unable to do the project yourself, and a Guided Implementation isn't enough, we offer low-cost delivery of our project workshops. We take you through every phase of your project and ensure that you have a roadmap in place to complete your project successfully.
Sets the context for the organization, to ensure a shared understanding of the benefits of both Agile and business analysis/requirements management.
Have a shared definition of Agile and business analysis / requirements.
Understand the current state of Agile and business analysis in your organization.
1.1 Define what Agile and business analysis mean in your organization.
1.2 Agile requirements assessment.
Alignment on Agile and business analysis / requirements in your organization.
A current and target state assessment of Agile and business analysis in your organization.
Confirm you’re going the right way for effective solution delivery.
Confirm the appropriate delivery methodology.
2.1 Confirm your selected methodology.
Confidence in your selected project delivery methodology.
Provides the guardrails for your Agile requirements practice, to define a high-level process, roles and responsibilities, governance and decision-making, and how to deal with change.
Clearly defined interactions between the BA and their partners
Define a plan for management and governance at the project team level
3.1 Define your agile requirements process.
3.2 Define your agile requirements RACI.
3.3 Define your governance.
3.4 Define your change and backlog refinement plan.
Agile requirements process.
Agile requirements RACI.
A governance and documentation plan.
A change and backlog refinement approach.
Provides the action plan to achieve your target state maturity
Recognize and prepare for the new ways of working for communication, stakeholder engagement, within the team, and across the organization.
Establish a roadmap for next steps to mature your Agile requirements practice.
4.1 Define your stakeholder communication plan.
4.2 Identify your capability gaps.
4.3 Plan your agile requirements roadmap.
A stakeholder communication plan.
A list of capability gaps to achieve your desired target state.
A prioritized roadmap to achieve the target state.
To provide practical guidance on technique usage, which can enable an improved experience with technical elements of the blueprint.
An opportunity to learn new tools to support your Agile requirements practice.
5.1 Managing requirements' traceability.
5.2 Creating and managing user stories.
5.3 Managing your requirements backlog.
5.4 Maintaining a requirements library.
Support and advice for leveraging a given tool or technique.
Support and advice for leveraging a given tool or technique.
Support and advice for leveraging a given tool or technique.
Support and advice for leveraging a given tool or technique.
Agile and requirements management are complementary, not competitors
The temptation when moving to Agile is to deemphasize good requirements practices in favor of perceived speed. If you're not delivering on the needs of the business then you have failed, regardless of how fast you've gone.
Delivery in Agile doesn't mean you stop needing solid business analysis. In fact, it's even more critical, to ensure your products and projects are adding value. With the rise of Agile, the role of the business analyst has been misunderstood.
As a result, we often throw out the analysis with the bathwater, thinking we'll be just fine without analysis, documentation, and deliberate action, as the speed and dexterity of Agile is enough.
Consequently, what we get is wasted time, money, and effort, with solutions that fail to deliver value, or need to be re-worked to get it right.
The best organizations find balance between these two forces, to align, and gain the benefits of both Agile and business analysis, working in tandem to manage requirements that bring solutions that are "just right".
Vincent Mirabelli
Principal Research Director, Applications Delivery and Management
Info-Tech Research Group
The process of navigating from waterfall to Agile can be incredibly challenging. And even more problematic; how do you operate your requirements management practices once there? Since there traditionally isn't a role for a business analyst; the traditional keeper of requirements. it isn't like switching on a light.
You likely find yourself struggling to deliver high quality solutions and requirements in Agile. This is a challenge for many organizations, regardless of how long they've leveraged Agile.
But you aren't here for assurances. You're here for answers and help.
many organizations and teams face is that there are so busy doing Agile that they fail to be Agile.
Agile was supposed to be the saving grace of project delivery but is misguided in taking the short-term view of "going quickly" at the expense of important elements, such as team formation and interaction, stakeholder engagement and communication, the timing and sequencing of analysis work, decision-making, documentation, and dealing with change.
The idea that good requirements just happen because you have user stories is wrong. So, requirements remain superficial, as you "can iterate later"…but sometimes later never comes, or doesn't come fast enough.
Organizations need to be very deliberate when aligning their Agile and requirements management practices. The work is the same. How the work is done is what changes.
Infotech's advice? Why choose? Why have to pick between traditional waterfall and Agile delivery? If Agile without analysis is a recipe for disaster, Agile with analysis is the solution. And how can you leverage the Info-Tech approach to align your Agile and requirements management efforts into a powerful combination?
Manage Requirements in an Agile Environment is your guide.
Use the contents and exercises of this blueprint to gain a shared understanding of the two disciplines, to find your balance in your approach, to define your thresholds, and ultimately, to prepare for new ways of working.
Agile and requirements management are complementary, not competitors.
The temptation when moving to Agile is to deemphasize good requirements practices in favor of perceived speed. If you're not delivering on the needs of the business, then you have failed, regardless of how fast you've gone.
Agile and requirements management are complementary, not competitors.
The temptation when moving to Agile is to deemphasize good requirements practices in favor of perceived speed. If you're not delivering on the needs of the business, then you have failed, regardless of how fast you've gone
48%
Had project deadlines more than double
85%
Exceeded their original budget by at least 20%
25%
At least doubled their original budget
Source: PPM Express.
The wait for solutions was too long for our business partners. The idea of investing significant time, money, and resources upfront, building an exhaustive and complete vision of the desired state, and then waiting months or even years to get that solution, became unpalatable for them. And rightfully so. Once we cast a light on the pains, it became difficult to stay with the status quo. Given that organizations evolve at a rapid pace, what was a pain at the beginning of an initiative may not be so even 6 months later.
Agile became the answer.
Since its' first appearance nearly 20 years ago, Agile has become the methodology of choice for a many of organizations. According to the 15th Annual State of Agile report, Agile adoption within software development teams increased from 37% in 2020 to 86% in 2021.
Requirements analysis, design maturity, and management are critical for a successful Agile transformation.
"One of the largest sources of failure we have seen on large projects is an immature Agile implementation in the context of poorly defined requirements."
– "Large Scale IT Projects – From Nightmare to Value Creation"
"Requirements maturity is more important to project outcomes than methodology."
– "Business Analysis Benchmark: Full Report"
"Mature Agile practices spend 28% of their time on analysis and design."
– "Quantitative Analysis of Agile Methods Study (2017): Twelve Major Findings"
"There exists a Requirements Premium… organizations using poor practices spent 62% more on similarly sized projects than organizations using the best requirements practices."
– "The Business Case for Agile Business Analysis" - Requirements Engineering Magazine
N= 324 small organizations from Info-Tech Research Group's CIO Business Vision diagnostic.
Note: High satisfaction was classified as organizations with a score greater or equal to eight and low satisfaction was every organization that scored below eight on the same questions.
Many subject matter experts are necessary to create accurate requirements, but their time is limited too.
Stakeholders should be kept informed throughout the requirements gathering process, but you need to get the right information to the right people.
Recording, organizing, and presenting requirements are essential, but excessive documentation will slow time to delivery.
Establishing control points in your requirements gathering process can help confirm, verify, and approve requirements accurately, but stage gates limit delivery.
In Agile, the what of business analysis does not change.
What does change is the how and when that work happens.
Team formation is key, as Agile is a team sport
A business analyst in an Agile team typically interacts with several different roles, including:
Tracking metrics and measuring your progress
As you implement the actions from this Blueprint, you should see measurable improvements in;
Without sacrificing time to delivery
Metric | Description and motivation |
---|---|
Team satisfaction (%) | Expect team satisfaction to increase as a result of clearer role delineation and value contribution. |
Stakeholder satisfaction (%) | Expect Stakeholder satisfaction to similarly increase, as requirements quality increases, bringing increased value |
Requirements rework | Measures the quality of requirements from your Agile Projects. Expect that the Requirements Rework will decrease, in terms of volume/frequency. |
Cost of documentation | Quantifies the cost of documentation, including Elicitation, Analysis, Validation, Presentation, and Management |
Time to delivery | Balancing Metric. We don't want improvements in other at the expense of time to delivery |
1. Framing Agile and Business Analysis |
2. Tailoring Your Approach |
3. Defining Your Requirements Thresholds |
4. Planning Your Next Steps |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Phase Activities |
1.1 Understand the benefits and limitations of Agile and business analysis 1.2 Align Agile and business analysis within your organization |
2.1 Decide the best-fit approach for delivery 2.2 Manage your requirements backlog |
3.1 Define project roles and responsibilities 3.2 Define your level of acceptable documentation 3.3 Manage requirements as an asset 3.4 Define your requirements change management plan |
4.1 Preparing new ways of working 4.2 Develop a roadmap for next steps |
Phase Outcomes |
Recognize the benefits and detriments of both Agile and BA. Understand the current state of Agile and business analysis in your organization. |
Confirm the appropriate delivery methodology. Manage your requirements backlog. Connect the business need to user story. |
Clearly defined interactions between the BA and their partners. Define a plan for management and governance at the project team level. Documentation and tactics that are right-sized for the need. |
Recognize and prepare for the new ways of working for communication, stakeholder engagement, within the team, and across the organization. Establish a roadmap for next steps to mature your Agile requirements practice. |
A practical playbook for aligning your teams and articulating the guidelines for managing your requirements in Agile
A tool to help you answer the question: What is the right level of Agile requirements documentation for my organization?
Establishes your current maturity level, defines your target state, and supports planning to get there.
Supporting tools and templates in advancing your Agile requirements practice, to be used with the Agile Requirements Blueprint and Playbook.
"Our team has already made this critical project a priority, and we have the time and capability, but some guidance along the way would be helpful."
"Our team knows that we need to fix a process, but we need assistance to determine where to focus. Some check-ins along the way would help keep us on track."
"We need to hit the ground running and get this project kicked off immediately. Our team has the ability to take this over once we get a framework and strategy in place."
"Our team does not have the time or the knowledge to take this project on. We need assistance through the entirety of this project."
Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 | Day 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Framing Agile and Business Analysis / 2. Tailoring Your Approach | 3. Defining Your Requirements Thresholds |
3. Defining Your Requirements Thresholds / 4. Planning Your Next Steps | (OPTIONAL) Agile Requirements Techniques (a la carte) | Next Steps and Wrap-Up (Offsite) | |
Activities |
What does Agile mean in your organization? What do requirements mean in your organization? Agile Requirements Assessment Confirm your selected methodology |
Define your Agile requirements process Define your Agile requirements RACI (Optional) Define your Agile requirements governance |
Defining your change management plan Define your communication plan Capability gap list Planning your Agile requirements roadmap |
Managing requirements traceability Creating and managing user stories Managing your requirements backlog Maintaining a requirements library |
Develop Agile Requirements Playbook Complete in-progress deliverables from previous four days. Set up review time for workshop deliverables and next steps |
Outcomes |
Shared definition of Agile and business analysis / requirements Understand the current state of Agile and business analysis in your organization |
Agile requirements process
Agile requirements RACI (Optional) Defined Agile requirements governance and documentation plan |
Change and backlog refinement plan Stakeholder communication plan Action plan and roadmap for maturing your Agile requirements practice |
Practical knowledge and practice about various tactics and techniques in support of your Agile requirements efforts | Completed Agile Requirements Playbook |
Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 |
---|---|---|---|
Call #1: Scope objectives, and your specific challenges. |
Call #4: Define your approach to project delivery. |
Call #6: Define your Agile requirements process. |
Call #9: Identify gaps from current to target state maturity. |
Call #2: Assess current maturity. |
Call #5: Managing your requirements backlog. |
Call #7: Define roles and responsibilities. |
Call #10: Pprioritize next steps to mature your Agile requirements practice. |
Call #3: Identify target-state capabilities. |
Call #8: Define your change and backlog refinement approach. |
A Guided Implementation (GI) is a series of calls with an Info-Tech analyst to help implement our best practices in your organization.
A typical GI is 10 calls over the course of 4 to 6 months.
Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 |
---|---|---|---|
1.1 Understand the benefits and limitations of Agile and business analysis 1.2 Align Agile and business analysis within your organization | 2.1 Confirm the best-fit approach for delivery 2.2 manage your requirements backlog | 3.1 Define project roles and responsibilities 3.2 define your level of acceptable documentation 3.3 Manage requirements as an asset 3.4 Define your requirements change management plan | 4.1 Preparing new ways of working 4.2 Develop a roadmap for next steps |
This phase will walk you through the following activities:
This phase involves the following participants:
Understand the benefits and limitations of Agile and business analysis
1.1.1 Define what Agile and business analysis mean in your organization
This step involves the following participants:
Outcomes of this step
48%
Had project deadlines more than double
85%
Exceeded their original budget by at least 20%
25%
At least doubled their original budget
Source: PPM Express.
Business analysts had historically been aligned to specific lines of business, in support of their partners in their respective domains. Somewhere along the way, the function was moved to IT. Conceptually this made sense, in that it allowed BAs to provide technical solutions to complex business problems. This had the unintended result of lost domain knowledge, and connection to the business.
It all starts with the business. IT enables business goals. The closer you can get to the business, the better.
Business analysts were the main drivers of helping to define the business requirements, or needs, and then decompose those into solution requirements, to develop the best option to solve those problems, or address those needs. And the case for good analysis was clear. The later a poor requirement was caught, the more expensive it was to fix. And if requirements were poor, there was no way to know until much later in the project lifecycle, when the cost to correct them was exponentially higher, to the tune of 10-100x the initial cost.
Adapted from PPM Express. "Why Projects Fail: Business Analysis is the Key".
The wait for solutions was too long for our business partners. The idea of investing significant time, money, and resources upfront, building an exhaustive and complete vision of the desired state, and then waiting months or even years to get that solution became unpalatable for them. And rightfully so. Once we cast a light on the pains, it became difficult to stand pat in the current state. And besides, organizations evolve at a rapid pace. What was a pain at the beginning of an initiative may not be so even six months later.
Agile became the answer.
Since its first appearance nearly 20 years ago, Agile has become the methodology of choice for a huge swathe of organizations. According to the 15th Annual State of Agile report, Agile adoption within software development teams increased from 37% in 2020 to 86% in 2021.
To say that's significant is an understatement.
According to the Agile manifesto, "We value. . ."
"…while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items on the left more."
Source: Agilemanifesto, 2001
94% of respondents report using Agile practices in their organization
according to Digital.AI's "The 15th State of Agile Report"
That same report notes a steady expansion of Agile outside of IT, as other areas of the organization seek to benefit from increased agility and responsiveness, including Human Resources, Finance and Marketing.
"Agile projects are 37% faster to market than [the] industry average"
(Requirements Engineering Magazine, 2017)
"One of the largest sources of failure we have seen on large projects is an immature Agile implementation in the context of poorly defined requirements."
– BCG, 2015
"Requirements maturity is more important to project outcomes than methodology."
– IAG Consulting, 2009.
"Mature Agile practices spend 28% of their time on analysis and design."
– InfoQ, 2017."
"There exists a Requirements Premium… organizations using poor practices spent 62% more on similarly sized projects than organizations using the best requirements practices."
– Requirements Engineering Magazine, 2017
N= 324 small organizations from Info-Tech Research Group's CIO Business Vision diagnostic.
Note: High satisfaction was classified as organizations with a score greater or equal to eight and low satisfaction was every organization that scored below eight on the same questions.
Agile is a highly effective tool.
This isn't about discarding Agile. It is being used for things completely outside of what was originally intended. When developing products or code, it is in its element. However, outside of that realm, its being used to bypass business analysis activities, which help define the true customer and business need.
Business analysts were forced to adapt and shift focus. Overnight they morphed into product owners, or no longer had a place on the team. Requirements and analysis took a backseat.
The result?
Increased rework, decreased stakeholder satisfaction, and a lot of wasted money and effort.
"Too often, the process of two-week sprints becomes the thing, and the team never gets the time and space to step back and obsess over what is truly needed to delight customers."
Harvard Business Review, 9 April 2021.
Requirements in Agile are the same, but the purpose of requirements changes.
The stated principles of waterfall say nothing of how work is to be linear.
Source: Royce, Dr. Winston W., 1970.
For more on Agile methodology, check out Info-Tech's Agile Research Centre
Organizations went from engaging business stakeholders up front, and then not until solution delivery, to forcing those partners to give up their resources to the project. From taking years to deliver a massive solution (which may or may not even still fit the need) to delivering in rapid cycles called sprints.
This tug-of-war is costing organizations significant time, money, and effort.
Your approach to requirements management needs to be centered. We can start to make that shift by better aligning our Agile and business analysis practices. Outside of the product space, Agile needs to be combined with other disciplines (Harvard Business Review, 2021) to be effective.
Agility is important. Though it is not a replacement for approach or strategy (RCG Global Services, 2022). In Agile, team constraints are leveraged because of time. There is a failure to develop new capabilities to address the business needs Harvard Business Review, 2021).
Agility needs analysis.
Many subject matter experts are necessary to create accurate requirements, but their time is limited too.
Stakeholders should be kept informed throughout the requirements gathering process, but you need to get the right information to the right people.
Recording, organizing, and presenting requirements are essential, but excessive documentation will slow time to delivery.
Establishing control points in your requirements gathering process can help confirm, verify, and approve requirements accurately, but stage gates limit delivery.
We do this because there isn't even agreement by the experts on what the terms "Agile" and "business analysis" mean, so let's establish a definition within the context of your organization.
Your Agile Requirements Playbook will include
1.2.1 Assess your Agile requirements maturity
This step involves the following participants:
Outcomes of this step
What is the driving force behind that decision?
There are many reasons to leverage the power of Agile within your organization, and specifically as part of your requirements management efforts. And it shouldn't just be to improve productivity. That's only one aspect.
Begin by asking, "Why Agile?" Are you looking to improve:
Or a combination of the above?
Project delivery methodologies aren't either/or. You don't have to be 100% waterfall or 100% Agile. Select the right approach for your project, product, or service.
In the end, your business partners don't want projects delivered faster, they want value faster!
For more on understanding Agile, check out the Implement Agile Practices That Work Blueprint
Responses to a 2019 KPMG survey:
13% said that their top management fully supports Agile transformation.
76% of organizations did not agree that their organization supports Agile culture.
62% of top management believe Agile has no implications for them.
Business analysts need to focus on six key elements when managing requirements in Agile.
In Agile, the what of business analysis does not change.
What does change is the how and when that work happens.
Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 |
---|---|---|---|
1.1 Understand the benefits and limitations of Agile and business analysis 1.2 Align Agile and business analysis within your organization | 2.1 Confirm the best-fit approach for delivery 2.2 manage your requirements backlog | 3.1 Define project roles and responsibilities 3.2 define your level of acceptable documentation 3.3 Manage requirements as an asset 3.4 Define your requirements change management plan | 4.1 Preparing new ways of working 4.2 Develop a roadmap for next steps |
This phase will walk you through the following activities:
This phase involves the following participants:
Managing Requirements in an Agile Environment
2.1.1 Confirm your methodology
This step involves the following participants:
Outcomes of this step
Selecting the right approach (or confirming you're on the right track) is easier when you assess two key inputs to your project; your level of certainty about the solution, and the level of complexity among the different variables and inputs to your project, such as team experience and training, the number of impacted stakeholders or context. lines of business, and the organizational
Solution certainty refers to the level of understanding of the problem and the solution at the start of the project. In projects with high solution certainty, the requirements and solutions are well defined, and the project scope is clear. In contrast, projects with low solution certainty have vague or changing requirements, and the solutions are not well understood.
Project complexity refers to the level of complexity of the project, including the number of stakeholders, the number of deliverables, and the level of technical complexity. In projects with high complexity, there are many stakeholders with different priorities, many deliverables, and high technical complexity. In contrast, projects with low complexity have fewer stakeholders, fewer deliverables, and lower technical complexity.
"Agile is a fantastic approach when you have no clue how you're going to solve a problem"
Waterfall methodology is best suited for projects with high solution certainty and high complexity. This is because the waterfall model follows a linear and sequential approach, where each phase of the project is completed before moving on to the next. This makes it ideal for projects where the requirements and solutions are well-defined, and the project scope is clear.
On the other hand, Agile methodology is best suited for projects with low solution certainty. Agile follows an iterative and incremental approach, where the requirements and solutions are detailed and refined throughout the project. This makes it ideal for projects where the requirements and solutions are vague or changing.
Note that there are other models that exist for determining which path to take, should this approach not fit within your organization.
Use info-tech's-methodology-selection-matrix
Adapted from The Chaos Report, 2015 (The Standish Group)
Download the Agile Requirements Workbook
1 = Strongly disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = Neutral
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly agree.
Manage Your Requirements Backlog
2.2.1 Create your user stories
This step involves the following participants:
Outcomes of this step
Tailoring Your Approach
|
Defines |
|
---|---|---|
Intended benefits and outcomes |
||
|
Why it is needed, and by who |
|
|
What is needed, and how its going to be achieved |
Business requirements describe what a company needs in order to achieve its goals and objectives. Solution requirements describe how those needs will be met. User stories are a way to express the functionality that a solution will provide from the perspective of an end user.
A traceability matrix helps clearly connect and maintain your requirements.
To connect business requirements to solution requirements, you can start by identifying the specific needs that the business has and then determining how those needs can be met through technology or other solutions; or what the solution needs to do to meet the business need. So, if the business requirement is to increase online sales, a solution requirement might include implementing a shopping cart feature on your company website.
Once you have identified the solution requirements, you can then use those to create user stories. A user story describes a specific piece of functionality that the solution will provide from the perspective of a user.
For example, "As a customer, I want to be able to add items to my shopping cart so that I can purchase them." This user story is directly tied to the solution requirement of implementing a shopping cart feature.
Tracing from User Story back up to Business Requirement is essential in ensuring your solutions support your organization's strategic vison and objectives.
Download the Info-Tech Requirements Traceability Matrix
There are several attributes to look for in requirements: |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verifiable |
Unambiguous |
Complete |
Consistent |
Achievable |
Traceable |
Unitary |
Agnostic |
Stated in a way that can be easily tested |
Free of subjective terms and can only be interpreted in one way |
Contains all relevant information |
Does not conflict with other requirements |
Possible to accomplish with budgetary and technological constraints |
Trackable from inception through to testing |
Addresses only one thing and cannot be decomposed into multiple requirements |
Doesn't pre-suppose a specific vendor or product |
For more on developing high quality requirements, check out the Improve Requirements Gathering Blueprint
Prioritization is the process of ranking each requirement based on its importance to project success. Each requirement should be assigned a priority level. The delivery team will use these priority levels to ensure efforts are targeted toward the proper requirements as well as to plan features available on each release. Use the MoSCoW Model of Prioritization to effectively order your requirements.
The MoSCoW model was introduced by Dai Clegg of Oracle UK in 1994
(Source: ProductPlan).
Criteria | Description |
---|---|
Regulatory and legal compliance | These requirements will be considered mandatory. |
Policy compliance | Unless an internal policy can be altered or an exception can be made, these requirements will be considered mandatory. |
Business value significance | Give a higher priority to high-value requirements. |
Business risk | Any requirement with the potential to jeopardize the entire project should be given a high priority and implemented early. |
Likelihood of success | Especially in proof-of-concept projects, it is recommended that requirements have good odds. |
Implementation complexity | Give a higher priority to low implementation difficulty requirements. |
Alignment with strategy | Give a higher priority to requirements that enable the corporate strategy. |
Urgency | Prioritize requirements based on time sensitivity. |
Dependencies | A requirement on its own may be low priority, but if it supports a high-priority requirement, then its priority must match it. |
It is easier to prioritize requirements if they have already been collapsed, resolved, and rewritten. There is no point in prioritizing every requirement that is elicited up front when some of them will eventually be eliminated.
Agile teams are familiar with the use of a Sprint Backlog, but in Requirements Management, a Product Backlog is a more appropriate choice.
A product backlog and a Sprint backlog are similar in that they are both lists of items that need to be completed in order to deliver a product or project, but there are some key differences between the two.
A product backlog is a list of all the features, user stories, and requirements that are needed for a product or project. It is typically created and maintained by the business analyst or product owner and is used to prioritize and guide the development of the product.
A Sprint backlog, on the other hand, is a list of items specifically for an upcoming sprint, which is an iteration of work in Scrum. The Sprint backlog is created by the development team and is used to plan and guide the work that will be done during the sprint. The items in the Sprint backlog are typically taken from the product backlog and are prioritized based on their importance and readiness.
For more on building effective product backlogs, visit Deliver on Your Digital Product Vision
Your backlog must give you a holistic understanding of demand for change in the product.
A well-formed backlog can be thought of as a DEEP backlog
Detailed appropriately: Requirements are broken down and refined as necessary
Emergent: The backlog grows and evolves over time as requirements are added and removed.
Estimated: The effort to deliver a requirement is estimated at each tier.
Prioritized: A requirement's value and priority are determined at each tier.
Adapted from Essential Scrum
This will help ensure the value and scope of each functionality and change are clear and well understood by both developers and stakeholders before the start of the sprint. The definition of ready should be two-fold: ready for the backlog, and ready for coding.
Who will be interacting with the product or feature being developed? This will help to focus the user story on the user's needs and goals.
Create the user story using the following template: "As a [user], I want [feature] so that [benefit]."
This helps articulate the user's need and the value that the requirement will provide.
User stories are typically too large to be implemented in a single sprint, so they should be broken down into smaller, more manageable tasks.
User stories are typically too large to be implemented in a single sprint, so they should be broken down into smaller, more manageable tasks.
NOTE: There is not a 1:1 relationship between requirements and user stories.
It is possible that a single requirement will have multiple user stories, and similarly, that a single user story will apply to multiple solution requirements.
At this point your requirements should be high-level stories. The goal is to refine your backlog items, so they are . . .
Independent: Ideally your user stories can be built in any order (i.e. independent from each other). This allows you to prioritize based on value and not get caught up in sequencing and prerequisites. |
Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 |
---|---|---|---|
1.1 Understand the benefits and limitations of Agile and business analysis 1.2 Align Agile and business analysis within your organization | 2.1 Confirm the best-fit approach for delivery 2.2 manage your requirements backlog | 3.1 Define project roles and responsibilities 3.2 define your level of acceptable documentation 3.3 Manage requirements as an asset 3.4 Define your requirements change management plan | 4.1 Preparing new ways of working 4.2 Develop a roadmap for next steps |
This phase will walk you through the following activities:
This phase involves the following participants:
Managing Requirements in an Agile Environment
Define Project Roles and Responsibilities
3.1.1 Define your Agile requirements RACI (optional)
3.1.2 Define your Agile requirements process
Defining Your Requirements Thresholds
This step involves the following participants:
Outcomes of this step
A business analyst in an Agile team typically interacts with several different roles, including the product owner, development team, and many other stakeholders throughout the organization.
Additionally, during the sprint retrospectives, the team will review their performance and find ways to improve for the next sprint. As a team member, the business analyst helps to identify areas where the team could improve how they are working with requirements and understand how the team can improve communication with stakeholders.
Industry: Anonymous Organization in the Energy sector
Source: Interview
Agile teams were struggling to deliver within a defined sprint, as there were consistent delays in requirements meeting the definition of ready for development. As such, sprints were often delayed, or key requirements were descoped and deferred to a future sprint.
During a given two-week sprint cycle, the business analyst assigned to the team would be working along multiple horizons, completing elicitation, analysis, and validation, while concurrently supporting the sprint and dealing with stakeholder changes.
As a part of addressing this ongoing pain, a pilot program was run to add a second business analyst to the team.
The intent was, as one is engaged preparing requirements through elicitation, analysis, and validation for a future sprint, the second is supporting the current sprint cycle, and gaining insights from stakeholders to refine the requirements backlog.
Essentially, these two were leap-frogging each other in time. At all times, one BA was focused on the present, and one on the future.
A happier team, more satisfied stakeholders, and consistent delivery of features and functions by the Agile teams. The pilot team outperformed all other Agile teams in the organization, and the "2 BA" approach was made the new standard.
Short development cycles can make requirements management more difficult because they often result in a higher rate of change to the requirements. In a shorter timeframe, there is less time to gather and verify requirements, leading to a higher likelihood of poor or incomplete requirements. Additionally, there may be more pressure to make decisions quickly, which can lead to less thorough analysis and validation of requirements. This can make it more challenging to ensure that the final solution meets the needs of the stakeholders.
When planning your requirements cycles, it's important to consider;
Sprint N(-1) |
Sprint N |
Sprint N(+1) |
|
---|---|---|---|
Changes from waterfall to Agile |
Gathering and documenting requirements: Requirements are discovered and refined throughout the project, rather than being gathered and documented up front. This can be difficult for business analysts who are used to working in a waterfall environment where all requirements are gathered and documented before development begins. |
Defining acceptance criteria: Acceptance criteria are defined for each user story to ensure that the team understands what needs to be delivered. Business analysts need to understand how to write effective acceptance criteria and how to use them to ensure that the team delivers what the customer needs. |
Managing changing requirements: It is expected that requirements will change throughout the project. Business analysts need to be able to adapt quickly to changing requirements and ensure that the team is aware of the changes and how they will impact the project. |
NOTE: The process is intended to be at a high enough level to leave space and flexibility for team members to adapt and adjust, but at a sufficient depth that everyone understands the process and workflows. In other words, the process will be both flexible and rigid, and the two are not mutually exclusive.
Establishing the right level of governance and decision making is important in Agile requirements because there is a cost to decision making, as time plays an important factor. Even the failure to decide can have significant impacts.
Good governance and decision-making practices can help to minimize risks, ensure that requirements are well understood and managed, and that project progress is tracked and reported effectively.
In Agile environments, this often involves establishing clear roles and responsibilities, implementing effective communication and collaboration practices, and ensuring that decision-making processes are efficient and effective.
Good requirements management practices can help to ensure that projects are aligned with organizational goals and strategy, that stakeholders' needs are understood and addressed, and that deliverables are of high quality and meet the needs of the business.
By ensuring that governance and decision-making is effective, organizations can improve the chances of project success, and deliver value to the business. Risks and costs can be mitigated by staying small and nimble.
Check out Make Your IT Governance Adaptable
Organizations should look to progress in their governance stages. Ad-hoc and controlled governance tends to be slow, expensive, and a poor fit for modern practices.
The goal as you progress through your stages is to delegate governance and empower teams to make optimal decisions in real-time, knowing that they are aligned with the understood best interests of the organization.
Automate governance for optimal velocity, while mitigating risks and driving value.
This puts your organization in the best position to be adaptive and able to react effectively to volatility and uncertainty.
Decision making must be delegated down within the organization, and all resources must be empowered and supported to make effective decisions.
Outcomes and goals must be clearly articulated and understood across the organization to ensure decisions are in line and stay within reasonable boundaries.
Integrated risk information must be available with sufficient data to support decision making and design approaches at all levels of the organization.
Governance standards and activities need to be embedded in processes and practices. Optimal governance reduces its manual footprint while remaining viable. This also allows for more dynamic adaptation.
Standards and policies need to be defined as the foundation for embedding governance practices organizationally. These guardrails will create boundaries to reinforce delegated decision making.
"Push the decision making down as far as possible, down to the point where sprint teams completely coordinate all the integration, development, and design. What I push up the management chain is risk taking. [Management] decides what level of risk they are willing to take and [they] demonstrate that by the amount of decision making you push down."
– Senior Manager, Canadian P&C Insurance Company, Info-Tech Interview
3.2.1 Calculate the cost of documentation
This step involves the following participants:
Outcomes of this step
Before creating any documentation, consider why; why are you creating documentation, and what purpose is it expected to serve?
Is it:
Next, consider what level of documentation would be acceptable and 'enough' for your stakeholders. Recognize that 'enough' will depend on your stakeholder's personal definition and perspective.
There may also be considerations for maintaining documentation for the purposes of compliance, and auditability in some contexts and industries.
The point is not to eliminate all documentation, but rather, to question why we're producing it, so that we can create just enough to deliver value.
"What does the next person need to do their work well, to gain or create a shared understanding?"
- Filip Hendrickx, Innovating BA and Founder, altershape
All things take time, and that would imply that all things have an inherent cost. We often don't think in these terms, as it's just the work we do, and costs are only associated with activities requiring additional capital expenditure. Documentation of requirements can come at a cost in terms of time and resources. Creating and maintaining detailed documentation requires effort from project team members, which could be spent on other aspects of the project such as development or testing. Additionally, there may be costs associated with storing and distributing the documentation.
When creating documentation, we are making a decision. There is an opportunity cost of investing time to create, and concurrently, not working on other activities. Documentation of requirements can come at a cost in terms of time and resources. Creating and maintaining detailed documentation requires effort from project team members, which could be spent on other aspects of the project such as development or testing. Additionally, there may be costs associated with storing and distributing the documentation.
In order to make better informed decisions about the types, quantity and even quality of the documentation we are producing, we need to capture that data. To ensure we are receiving good value for our documentation, we should compare the expected costs to the expected benefits of a sprint or project.
Re-using deliverables (documentation, process, product, etc.) is important in maintaining the velocity of work. If you find yourself constantly recreating your current state documentation at the start of a project, it's hard to deliver with agility.
3.3.1 Discuss your current perspectives on requirements as assets
This step involves the following participants:
Outcomes of this step
In order to delivery with agility, you need to maximize the re-usability of artifacts. These artifacts could take the form of current state documentation, user stories, test cases, and yes, even requirements for re-use.
Think of it like a library for understanding where your organization is today. Understanding the people, processes, and technology, in one convenient location. These artifacts become assets when we choose to retain them, rather than discard them at the end of a project, when we think they'll no longer be needed.
And just like finding a single book in a vast library, we need to ensure our assets can be found when we need them. And this means making them searchable.
We can do this by establishing criteria for requirements and artifact reuse;
When writing requirements for products or services, write them for the need first, and not simply for what is changing.
Retention of knowledge in a knowledge base that allows the team to retain current business requirements, process documentation, business rules, and any other relevant information.
A clearly defined scope to reduce stakeholder, business, and compliance conflicts.
Impact analysis of changes to the current organizational assets.
Source: Requirement Engineering Magazine, 2017.
Industry: Anonymous Organization in the Government sector
Source: Interview
A large government organization faced a challenge with managing requirements, processes, and project artifacts with any consistency.
Historically, their documentation was lacking, with multiple versions existing in email sent folders and manila folders no one could find. Confirming the current state at any given time meant the heavy lift of re-documenting and validating, so that effort was avoided for an excessive period.
Then there was a request for audit and compliance, to review their existing documentation practices. With nothing concrete to show, drastic recommendations were made to ensure this practice would end.
A small but effective team was created to compile and (if not available) document all existing project and product documentation, including processes, requirements, artifacts, business cases, etc.
A single repository was built and demonstrated to key stakeholders to ensure it would satisfy the needs of the audit and compliance group.
A single source of truth for the organization, which was;
Baseline + Release Changes = New Baseline
3.4.1 Triage your requirements
This step involves the following participants:
Outcomes of this step
In Agile development, change is expected and embraced. Instead of trying to rigidly follow a plan that may become outdated, Agile teams focus on regularly reassessing their priorities and adapting their plans accordingly. This means that the requirements can change often, and it's important for the team to have a process in place for managing these changes.
A common approach to managing change in Agile is to use a technique called "backlog refinement." Where previously we populated our backlog with requirements to get them ready for development and deployment, this involves regularly reviewing and updating the list of work to be done. The team will prioritize the items on the evolving backlog, and the prioritized items will be worked on during the next sprint. This allows the team to quickly respond to changes in requirements and stay focused on the most important work.
Another key aspect of managing change in Agile is effective communication. The team should have regular meetings, such as daily stand-up meetings or weekly sprint planning meetings, to discuss any changes in requirements and ensure that everyone is on the same page.
Clearly communicate your change process, criteria, and any techniques, tools, and templates that are part of your approach.
Maintain consistent control and communication and ensure that an impact assessment is completed. This is key to managing risks.
Leverage tools when you have them available. This could be a Requirements Management system, a defect/change log, or even by turning on "track changes" in your documents.
For every change, define the source of the change, the reason for the change, key dates for decisions, and any supporting documentation.
Leaders of successful change spend considerable time developing a powerful change message: a compelling narrative that articulates the desired end state and makes the change concrete and meaningful to staff. They create the change vision with staff to build ownership and commitment.
How will changes to requirements be codified?
How will intake happen?
How will potential changes be triaged and evaluated?
What is the review and approval process?
Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 |
---|---|---|---|
1.1 Understand the benefits and limitations of Agile and business analysis 1.2 Align Agile and business analysis within your organization | 2.1 Confirm the best-fit approach for delivery 2.2 manage your requirements backlog | 3.1 Define project roles and responsibilities 3.2 define your level of acceptable documentation 3.3 Manage requirements as an asset 3.4 Define your requirements change management plan | 4.1 Preparing new ways of working 4.2 Develop a roadmap for next steps |
This phase will walk you through the following activities:
This phase involves the following participants:
Managing Requirements in an Agile Environment
4.1.1 Define your communication plan
This step involves the following participants:
Outcomes of this step
|
As a result, you'll need to focus on; Emphasizing flexibility: In Agile organizations, there is a greater emphasis on flexibility and the ability to adapt to change. This means that requirements may evolve over time and may not be fully defined at the beginning of the project. |
Within the team
Within the organization
"Whether in an Agile environment or not, collaboration and relationships are still required and important…how you collaborate, communicate, and how you build relationships are key."
- Paula Bell, CEO, Paula A. Bell Consulting
4.2.1 Develop your Agile requirements action plan
Outcomes of this step
With a mindset of continuous improvement, there is always some way we can get better.
As you mature your Agile requirements practice, recognize that those gaps for improvement can come from multiple levels, from the organizational down to the individual.
Each level will bring challenges and opportunities.
The organization
The team
The individual
Learning: Agile is a radical change in how people work doing Agile to being Agile. |
|
Automation: While Agile is tool-agnostic at its roots, Agile work management tools and DevOps inspired SDLC tools that have become a key part of Agile practices. |
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Integrated Teams:
|
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Metrics and Governance: Successful Agile implementations of delivery and operations |
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Culture: Agile teams believe that value is best created by standing, self-organizing cross-functional teams who deliver sustainably in frequent, |
Agile gaps may only have a short-term, perceived benefit. For example, coding without a team mindset can allow for maximum speed to market for a seasoned developer. Post-deployment maintenance initiatives, however, often lock the single developer as no one else understands the rationale for the decisions that were made.
Note: the feasibility and timing of the ideas will happen in the following "Now, Next, Later" exercise.
The "Now, Next, Later" technique is a method for prioritizing and planning improvements or tasks. This involves breaking down a list of tasks or improvements into three categories:
By using this technique, you can prioritize and plan the most important tasks first, while also allowing for flexibility and the ability to adjust plans as necessary. |
Monitoring progress is important in achieving your target state. Be deliberate with your actions, to continue to mature your Agile requirements practice.
As you navigate toward your target state, continue to monitor your progress, your successes, and your challenges. As your Agile requirements practice matures, you should see improvements in the stated metrics below.
Establish a cadence to review these metrics, as well as how you are progressing on your roadmap, against the plan.
This is not about adding work, but rather, about ensuring you're heading in the right direction; finding the balance in your Agile requirements practice.
Metric | |
---|---|
Team satisfaction (%) | Expect team satisfaction to increase as a result of clearer role delineation and value contribution. |
Stakeholder satisfaction (%) | Expect stakeholder satisfaction to similarly increase, as requirements quality increases, bringing increased value. |
Requirements rework | Measures the quality of requirements from your Agile projects. Expect that the requirements rework will decrease, in terms of volume/frequency. |
Cost of documentation | Quantifies the cost of documentation, including elicitation, analysis, validation, presentation, and management. |
Time to delivery | Balancing metric. We don't want improvements in other at the expense of time to delivery. |
Emal Bariali
Business Architect & Business Analyst
Bariali Consulting
Emal Bariali is a Senior Business Analyst and Business Architect with 17 years of experience, executing nearly 20 projects. He has experience in both waterfall and Agile methodologies and has delivered solutions in a variety of forms, including custom builds and turnkey projects. He holds a Master's degree in Information Systems from the University of Toronto, a Bachelor's degree in Information Technology from York University, and a post-diploma in Software & Database Development from Seneca College.
Paula Bell
Paula A. Bell Consulting, LLC
Paula Bell is the CEO of Paula A Bell Consulting, LLC. She is a Business Analyst, Leadership and Career Development coach, consultant, speaker, and author with 21+ years of experience in corporate America in project roles including business analyst, requirements manager, business initiatives manager, business process quality manager, technical writer, project manager, developer, test lead, and implementation lead. Paula has experience in a variety of industries including media, courts, manufacturing, and financial. Paula has led multiple highly-visible multi-million-dollar technology and business projects to create solutions to transform businesses as either a consultant, senior business analyst, or manager.
Currently she is Director of Operations for Bridging the Gap, where she oversees the entire operation and their main flagship certification program.
Ryan Folster
Consulting Services Manager, Business Analysis
Dimension Data
Ryan Folster is a Business Analyst Lead and Product Professional from Johannesburg, South Africa. His strong focus on innovation and his involvement in the business analysis community have seen Ryan develop professionally from a small company, serving a small number of users, to large multi-national organizations. Having merged into business analysis through the business domain, Ryan has developed a firm grounding and provides context to the methodologies applied to clients and projects he is working on. Ryan has gained exposure to the Human Resources, Asset Management, and Financial Services sectors, working on projects that span from Enterprise Line of Business Software to BI and Compliance.
Ryan is also heavily involved in the local chapter of IIBA®; having previously served as the chapter president, he currently serves as a non-executive board member. Ryan is passionate about the role a Business Analyst plays within an organization and is a firm believer that the role will develop further in the future and become a crucial aspect of any successful business.
Filip Hendrickx
Innovating BA, Visiting Professor @ VUB
altershape
Filip loves bridging business analysis and innovation and mixes both in his work as speaker, trainer, coach, and consultant.
As co-founder of the BA & Beyond Conference and IIBA Brussels Chapter president, Filip helps support the BA profession and grow the BA community in and around Belgium. For these activities, Filip received the 2022 IIBA® EMEA Region Volunteer of the Year Award.
Together with Ian Richards, Filip is the author ofBrainy Glue, a business novel on business analysis, innovation and change. Filip is also co-author of the BCS book Digital Product Management and Cycles, a book, method and toolkit enabling faster innovation.
Fabricio Laguna
Professional Speaker, Consultant, and Trainer
TheBrazilianBA.com
Fabrício Laguna, aka The Brazilian BA, is the main reference on business analysis in Brazil. Author and producer of videos, articles, classes, lectures, and playful content, he can explain complex things in a simple and easy-to-understand way. IIBA Brazil Chapter president between 2012-2022. CBAP, AAC, CPOA, PMP, MBA. Consultant and instructor for more than 25 years working with business analysis, methodology, solution development, systems analysis, project management, business architecture, and systems architecture. His online courses are approved by students from 65 countries.
Ryland Leyton
Business Analyst and Agile Coach
Independent Consultant
Ryland Leyton, CBAP, PMP, CSM, is an avid Agile advocate and coach, business analyst, author, speaker, and educator. He has worked in the technology sector since 1998, starting off with database and web programming, gradually moving through project management and finding his passion in the BA and Agile fields. He has been a core team member of the IIBA Extension to the BABOK and the IIBA Agile Analysis Certification. Ryland has written popular books on agility, business analysis, and career. He can be reached at www.RylandLeyton.com.
Steve Jones
Supervisor, Market Support Business Analysis
ISO New England
Steve is a passionate analyst and BA manager with more than 20 years of experience in improving processes, services and software, working across all areas of software development lifecycle, business change and business analysis. He rejoices in solving complex business problems and increasing process reproducibility and compliance through the application of business analysis tools and techniques.
Steve is currently serving as VP of Education for IIBA Hartford. He is a CBAP, certified SAFe Product Owner/Product Manager, Six Sigma Green Belt, and holds an MS in Information Management and Communications.
Angela Wick
Founder
BA-Squared and BA-Cube
Founder of BA-Squared and BA-Cube.com, Angela is passionate about teaching practical, modern product ownership and BA skills. With over 20 years' experience she takes BA skills to the next level and into the future!
Angela is also a LinkedIn Learning instructor on Agile product ownership and business analysis, an IC-Agile Authorized Trainer, Product Owner and BA highly-rated trainer, highly-rated speaker, sought-after workshop facilitator, and contributor to many industry publications, including:
Rachael Wilterdink
Principal Consultant
Infotech Enterprises
Rachael Wilterdink is a Principal Consultant with Infotech Enterprises. With over 25 years of IT experience, she holds multiple business analysis and Agile certifications. As a consultant, Rachael has served clients in the financial, retail, manufacturing, healthcare, government, non-profit, and insurance industries. Giving back to the professional community, Ms. Wilterdink served on the boards of her local IIBA® and PMI® chapters. As a passionate public speaker, Rachael presents various topics at conferences and user groups across the country and the world. Rachael is also the author of the popular eBook "40 Agile Transformation Pain Points (and how to avoid or manage them)."
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Improve Requirements Gathering
Back to basics: great products are built on great requirements.
Make the Case for Product Delivery
Align your organization on the practices to deliver what matters most.
Requirements for Small and Medium Enterprises
Right-size the guidelines of your requirements gathering process.
Implement Agile Practices that Work
Improve collaboration and transparency with the business to minimize project failure.
Create an Agile-Friendly Gating and Governance Model
Use Info-Tech's Agile Gating Framework as a guide to gating your Agile projects following a "trust but verify" approach.
Make Your IT Governance Adaptable
Governance isn't optional, so keep it simple and make it flexible.
Deliver on Your Digital Product Vision
Build a product vision your organization can take from strategy through execution.